Introduction: loop, iterate, for, mapcar, series, transducers

The loop macro (built-in)

loop is the built-in macro for iteration.

Its simplest form is (loop (print "hello")): this will print forever.

A simple iteration over a list is:

(loop for x in '(1 2 3)
      do (print x))
;; =>
1
2
3
NIL

It prints what’s needed but returns nil.

If you want to return a list, use collect:

(loop for x in '(1 2 3)
      collect (* x 10))
;; => (10 20 30)

The loop macro is different than most Lisp expressions in having a complex internal domain-specific language that doesn’t use s-expressions, so you need to read loop expressions with half of your brain in Lisp mode and the other half in loop mode. You love it or you hate it. Usually you hate it for a while and then you love it.

Think of loop expressions as having four parts:

1. expressions that set up variables that will be iterated,
2. expressions that conditionally terminate the iteration,
3. expressions that do something on each iteration, and
4. expressions that do something right before the Loop exits.

In addition, loop expressions can return a value. It is very rare to use all of these parts in a given loop expression, but you can combine them in many ways.

The loop clauses can be written in two styles: either as symbols like we did above, either as keywords, like this:

(loop :for x :in '(1 2 3) :collect (* x 10))

We wrote :for, :in and :collect as keywords.

The iterate library

iterate is a popular iteration macro that aims at being simpler, “lispier” and more predictable than loop, besides being extensible. However it isn’t built-in, so you have to import it:

(ql:quickload "iterate")
(use-package :iterate)

(If you use loop and Iterate in the same package, you might run into name conflicts.)

Iterate looks like this:

(iter (for i from 1 to 5)
  (collect (* i i)))
;; => (1 4 9 16 25)

Iterate also comes with display-iterate-clauses that can be quite handy:

(display-iterate-clauses '(for))
;; FOR PREVIOUS &OPTIONAL INITIALLY BACK     Previous value of a variable
;; FOR FIRST THEN            Set var on first, and then on subsequent iterations
;; ...

Many of the examples on this page that are valid for loop are also valid for Iterate, with minor modifications.

The for library

for is an extensible iteration macro that is often shorter than loop, that “unlike loop is extensible and sensible, and unlike Iterate does not require code-walking and is easier to extend”.

It has the other advantage of having one construct that works for all data structures (lists, vectors, hash-tables…): if in doubt, just use for… over…:

(for:for ((x over your-data-structure))
   (print …))

You also have to quickload it:

(ql:quickload "for")

map, mapcar et all (built-in)

We’ll also give examples with mapcar and map, and eventually with their friends mapcon, mapcan, maplist, mapc and mapl which E. Weitz categorizes very well in his “Common Lisp Recipes”, chap. 7. The one you are certainly accustomed to from other languages is mapcar: it takes a function, one or more lists as arguments, applies the function on each element of the lists one by one and returns a list of result.

(mapcar (lambda (it) (+ it 10)) '(1 2 3))
;; => (11 12 13)

map is generic, it accepts lists and vectors as arguments, and expects the type for its result as first argument:

(map 'vector (lambda (it) (+ it 10)) '(1 2 3))
;; => #(11 12 13)

(map 'list (lambda (it) (+ it 10)) #(1 2 3))
;; => (11 12 13)

(map 'string (lambda (it) (code-char it)) '#(97 98 99))
;; => "abc"

The other constructs have their advantages in some situations ;) They either process the tails of lists, or concatenate the return values, or don’t return anything. We’ll see some of them.

If you like mapcar, use it a lot, and would like a quicker and shorter way to write lambdas, we offer a simple macro to you:

(defmacro ^ (&rest forms)
  `(lambda ,@forms))

Example:

(mapcar (^ (nb) (* nb 10)) '(1 2 3))
;; (10 20 30)

and voilà :) We won’t use this more in this recipe, but feel free.

The series library

You might also like series, a library that describes itself as combining aspects of sequences, streams, and loops. Series expressions look like operations on sequences (= functional programming), but can achieve the same high level of efficiency as loop. Series first appeared in “Common Lisp the Language”, in appendix A (it nearly became part of the language). Series looks like this:

(collect
  (mapping ((x (scan-range :from 1 :upto 5)))
    (* x x)))
;; (1 4 9 16 25)

series is good, but its function names are different from what we find in functional languages today. You might like the “Generators The Way I Want Them Generated” library. It is a lazy sequences library, similar to series although younger and not as complete, with a “modern” API with words like take, filter, for or fold, and that is easy to use.

(range :from 20)
;; #<GTWIWTG::GENERATOR! {1001A90CA3}>

(take 4 (range :from 20))
;; (20 21 22 23)

At the time of writing, GTWIWTG is licensed under the GPLv3.

The transducers library

The transducers pattern was ported to Common Lisp in 2023 and offers a full suite of functional programming idioms for efficiently iterating over “sources”. A “source” could be simple collections like Lists or Vectors, but also potentially large files or generators of infinite data.

Transducers…

• allow the chaining of operations like map and filter without allocating memory between each step,
• aren’t tied to any specific data type; they need only be implemented once,
• vastly simplify “data transformation code”, and
• have nothing to do with “lazy evaluation”.

Let’s sum the squares of the first 1000 odd integers:

(defpackage foo
  (:use :cl)
  (:local-nicknames (:t :transducers)))
;; => #<PACKAGE "FOO">

(t:transduce
  (t:comp (t:filter #'oddp)  ;; (2) Keep only odd numbers.
          (t:take 1000)      ;; (3) Keep the first 1000 filtered odds.
          (t:map (lambda (n) ;; (4) Square those 1000.
                   (* n n))))
  #'+                        ;; (5) Reducer: Add up all the squares.
  (t:ints 1))                ;; (1) Source: Generate all positive integers.
;; => 1333333000

Here, even though ints is an infinite generator, only as many values as are needed for the final result are actually created.

The user is free to invent their own transducers (i.e. functions like map) and reducers (i.e. functions like +) to traverse data streams in any way they wish, all while being very memory efficient.

See its README, its API, or the original Transducers document for more information.

Recipes

Looping forever, return

(loop (print "hello"))

return can return a result:

(loop for i in '(1 2 3)
      when (> i 1)
        return i)
;; => 2

Looping a fixed number of times

dotimes

(dotimes (n 3)
  (print n))
;; =>
0
1
2
NIL

Here dotimes returns nil. There are two ways to return a value. First, you can set a result form in the lambda list:

(dotimes (n 3 :done)
  ;;          ^^^^^ result form. It can be a s-expression.
  (print n))
;; =>
0
1
2
:DONE

Or you can use return with return values:

(dotimes (i 3)
   (if (> i 1)
       (return :early-exit!)
     (print i)))
;; =>
0
1
:EARLY-EXIT!

loop… repeat

This prints “Hello!” 3 times and returns nil.

(loop repeat 3
      do (format t "Hello!~%"))
;; =>
Hello!
Hello!
Hello!
NIL

With collect, this returns a list.

(loop repeat 3
      collect (random 10))
;; => (5 1 3)

Series

(iterate ((n (scan-range :below 3)))
  (print n))
;; =>
0
1
2
NIL

Looping an infinite number of times, cycling over a circular list

First, as shown above, we can simply use (loop ...) to loop infinitely. Here we show how to loop on a list forever.

We can build an infinite list by setting its last element to the list itself:

(loop with list-a = (list 1 2 3)
      with infinite-list = (setf (cdr (last list-a)) list-a)
      for item in infinite-list
      repeat 8
      collect item)
;; => (1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2)

Illustration: (last (list 1 2 3)) is (3), a list, or rather a cons cell, whose car is 3 and cdr is NIL. See the data-structures chapter for a reminder. This is the representation of (list 3):

[o|/]
 |
 3

The representation of (list 1 2 3):

[o|o]---[o|o]---[o|/]
 |       |       |
 1       2       3

By setting the cdr of the last element to the list itself, we make it recur on itself.

A notation shortcut is possible with the #= syntax:

(defparameter *list-a* '#1=(1 2 3 . #1#))
(setf *print-circle* t)  ;; don't print circular lists forever
;; *list-a*

If you need to alternate only between two values, use for … then:

(loop repeat 4
      for up = t then (not up)
      collect up)
;; (T NIL T NIL)

Iterate’s for loop

For lists and vectors:

(iter (for item in '(1 2 3))
  (collect (+ item 1)))
;; (2 3 4)

(iter (for i in-vector #(1 2 3))
  (collect (+ item 1)))
;; (2 3 4)

or, for a generalized iteration clause for lists and vectors, use in-sequence (you’ll pay a speed penalty).

Looping over a hash-table is also straightforward:

(let ((h (let ((h (make-hash-table)))
            (setf (gethash 'a h) 1)
            (setf (gethash 'b h) 2)
            h)))
   (iter (for (k v) in-hashtable h)
     (print k)))
;; =>
B
A
NIL

In fact, take a look here, or (display-iterate-clauses '(for)) to know about iterating over

• symbols: in-package
• a file or a stream: in-file, or in-stream
• elements: in-sequence (sequences can be vectors or lists).

Looping over a list

dolist

(dolist (item '(1 2 3))
  (print item))
;; =>
1
2
3
NIL

dolist returns nil.

loop

with in, no surprises:

(loop for x in '(a b c)
      do (print x))
;; =>
A
B
C
NIL

(loop for x in '(a b c)
      collect x)
;; => (A B C)

With on, we loop over the cdr of the list:

(loop for i on '(1 2 3) collect i)
;; => ((1 2 3) (2 3) (3))

mapcar

(mapcar (lambda (x)
          (* x 10))
        '(1 2 3))
;; (10 20 30)

mapcar returns the results of the lambda function as a list.

Series

(iterate ((item (scan '(1 2 3))))
  (print item))
;; =>
1
2
3
NIL

scan-sublists is the equivalent of loop for ... on:

(iterate ((i (scan-sublists '(1 2 3))))
  (print i))
;; =>
(1 2 3)
(2 3)
(3)
NIL

Looping over a vector and a string

loop: across

(loop for i across #(1 2 3) collect (+ i 1))
;; (2 3 4)

strings are vectors, so:

(loop for i across "foo" do (format t "~a " i))
;; f o o
;; NIL

iterate: in-vector, index-of-vector, in-string

Iterate uses in-vector to iterate through arrays.

(iter (for i in-vector #(100 20 3))
      (sum i))

You can directly assign the index of the vector to a variable by using index-of-vector:

(iter (for i index-of-vector  #(100 20 3))
      (format t "~a " i))
;; => 0 1 2

Series

(iterate ((i (scan #(1 2 3))))
  (print i))
;; =>
1
2
3
NIL

Looping over a generic sequence

loop (nothing)

loop doesn’t have one keyword to loop over any kind of sequence.

iterate: in-sequence

With iter one can use in-sequence to iterate through a string, a vector (and thus a list).

This can be slower than a specific iteration construct.

(iter (for i in-sequence "foo" )
      (format t "~a " i))
;; => f o o
;; NIL

(iter (for i in-sequence '(1 2 3))
      (format t "~a " i))
;; => 1 2 3
;; NIL

(iter (for i in-sequence #(100 20 3))
      (format t "~a " i))
;; => 100 20 3
;; NIL

Looping over a hash-table

Iterating over a hash-table is possible with loop and other built-ins, with iterate and other libraries.

Note that due to the nature of hash tables you can’t control the order in which the entries are provided.

Let’s create a hash-table for our fowlling examples:

(defparameter *my-hash-table* (make-hash-table))
(setf (gethash 'a *my-hash-table*) 1)
(setf (gethash 'b *my-hash-table*) 2)

loop-ing over keys and values

To loop over keys, use this:

(loop :for k :being :the :hash-key :of *my-hash-table* :collect k)
;; (B A)

Looping over values uses the same concept but with the :hash-value keyword instead of :hash-key:

(loop :for v :being :the :hash-value :of *my-hash-table* :collect v)
;; (2 1)

Looping over key-values pairs:

(loop :for k :being :the :hash-key
        :using (hash-value v) :of *my-hash-table*
      :collect (list k v))
;; ((B 2) (A 1))

maphash

The lambda function of maphash takes two arguments: the key and the value:

(maphash (lambda (key val)
           (format t "key: ~A value: ~A~%" key val))
         *my-hash-table*)
;; =>
key: A value: 1
key: B value: 2
NIL

with-hash-table-iterator

You can also use with-hash-table-iterator, a macro which turns (via macrolet) its first argument into an iterator that on each invocation returns three values per hash table entry:

• a generalized boolean that’s true if an entry is returned,
• the key of the entry,
• and the value of the entry.

If there are no more entries, only one value is returned, nil.

For example:

;;; same hash-table as above
CL-USER> (with-hash-table-iterator (my-iterator *my-hash-table*)
           (loop
              (multiple-value-bind (entry-p key value)
                  (my-iterator)
                (if entry-p
                    (format t "The value associated with the key ~S is ~S~%" key value)
                    (return)))))
;; =>
The value associated with the key A is 1
The value associated with the key B is 2
NIL

Note the following caveat from the HyperSpec:

It is unspecified what happens if any of the implicit interior state of an iteration is returned outside the dynamic extent of the with-hash-table-iterator form such as by returning some closure over the invocation form.

iterate: in-hashtable

Use in-hashtable:

(iter (for (k v) in-hashtable *my-hash-table*)
  (collect (list k v)))
;; ((B 2) (A 1))

Alexandria’s maphash-keys and maphash-values

To map over keys or values (and only keys or only values) we can again rely on Alexandria with maphash-keys and maphash-values.

Serapeum’s do-hash-table

The Serapeum library has a do-like macro called do-hash-table.

(do-hash-table (key value table &optional return) &body body)

for

With the for library, use the over keyword:

(for:for ((it over *my-hash-table*))
  (print it))
;; =>
(A 1)
(B 2)
NIL

trivial-do:dohash

Only because we like this topic, we introduce another library, trivial-do. It has the dohash macro, that ressembles dolist:

(dohash (key value *my-hash-table*)
  (format t "key: ~A, value: ~A~%" key value))
;; =>
key: A value: 1
key: B value: 2
NIL

Series

(iterate (((k v) (scan-hash *my-hash-table*)))
  (format t "~&~a ~a~%" k v))
;; =>
A 1
B 2
NIL

Looping over two lists in parallel

loop

(loop for x in '(a b c)
      for y in '(1 2 3)
      collect (list x y))
;; ((A 1) (B 2) (C 3))

To return a flat list, use nconcing instead of collect:

(loop for x in '(a b c)
      for y in '(1 2 3)
      nconcing (list x y))
;; (A 1 B 2 C 3)

If a list is smaller than the other one, loop stops at the end of the small one:

(loop for x in '(a b c)
      for y in '(1 2 3 4 5)
      collect (list x y))
;; ((A 1) (B 2) (C 3))

We could loop over the biggest list and manually access the elements of the smaller one by index, but it would quickly be inefficient. Instead, we can tell loop to extend the short list.

(loop for y in '(1 2 3 4 5)
      for x-list = '(a b c) then (cdr x-list)
      for x = (or (car x-list) 'z)
      collect (list x y))
;; ((A 1) (B 2) (C 3) (Z 4) (Z 5))

The trick is that the notation for … = … then (cdr …) (note the = and the role of then) shortens our intermediate list at each iteration (thanks to cdr). It will first be '(a b c), the initial value, then we will get the cdr: (b c), then (c), then NIL. And both (car NIL) and (cdr NIL) return NIL, so we are good.

mapcar

(mapcar (lambda (x y)
          (list x y))
        '(a b c)
        '(1 2 3))
;; ((A 1) (B 2) (C 3))

or simply:

(mapcar 'list '(a b c) '(1 2 3))
;; ((A 1) (B 2) (C 3))

Return a flat list:

(mapcan 'list '(a b c) '(1 2 3))
;; (A 1 B 2 C 3)

Series

(collect
  (#Mlist (scan '(a b c))
          (scan '(1 2 3))))
;; ((A 1) (B 2) (C 3))

A more efficient way, when the lists are known to be of equal length:

(collect
  (mapping (((x y) (scan-multiple 'list
                                  '(a b c)
                                  '(1 2 3))))
    (list x y)))
;; ((A 1) (B 2) (C 3))

Return a flat list:

(collect-append ; or collect-nconc
  (mapping (((x y) (scan-multiple 'list
                                  '(a b c)
                                  '(1 2 3))))
    (list x y)))
;; (A 1 B 2 C 3)

Nested loops

loop

(loop for x from 1 to 3
      collect (loop for y from 1 to x collect y))
;; ((1) (1 2) (1 2 3))

To return a flat list, use nconcing instead of the first collect.

iterate

(iter outer
  (for i below 2)
  (iter (for j below 3)
     (in outer (collect (list i j)))))
;; ((0 0) (0 1) (0 2) (1 0) (1 1) (1 2))

Series

(collect
  (mapping ((x (scan-range :from 1 :upto 3)))
    (collect (scan-range :from 1 :upto x))))
;; ((1) (1 2) (1 2 3))

Computing an intermediate value

loop

Use for var = ... if you need the value to be computed on each iteration:

(loop for x from 1 to 3
      for y = (* x 10)
      collect y)
;; (10 20 30)

Use with var = ... if you only need the value to be computed once:

(loop for x from 1 to 3
      for y = (* x 10)
      with z = x
      collect (list x y z))
;; ((1 10 1) (2 20 1) (3 30 1))

The HyperSpec defines the with clause like this:

with-clause ::= with var1 [type-spec] [= form1] {and var2 [type-spec] [= form2]}*

so it turns out we can specify the type before the = and chain the with with and:

(loop for x from 1 to 3
      for y integer = (* x 10)
      with z integer = x
      collect (list x y z))
;; ((1 10 1) (2 20 1) (3 30 1))

(loop for x upto 3
      with foo = :foo
      and bar = :bar
      collect (list x foo bar))
;; ((0 :FOO :BAR) (1 :FOO :BAR) (2 :FOO :BAR) (3 :FOO :BAR))

We can also give for a then clause that will be called at each iteration:

(loop repeat 3
      for x = 10 then (incf x)
      collect x)
;; (10 11 12)

Here’s a trick to alternate a boolean:

(loop repeat 4
      for up = t then (not up)
      collect up)
;; (T NIL T NIL)

Loop with a counter

loop

Iterate through a list, and have a counter iterate in parallel. The first clause to terminate (in this case getting to the end of the list) determines when the iteration ends. Two sets of actions are defined, one of which is executed conditionally. (If do immediately follows a when, unless, or if clause, its actions are only executed when the test returns t.)

(loop for x in '(a b c d e)
      for firstp = t then nil
      unless firstp
        do (format t ", ")
      do (format t "~A" x))
;; =>
A, B, C, D, E
NIL

We could also write the preceding loop using if and a counter variable y:

(loop for x in '(a b c d e)
      for y from 1
      if (> y 1)
        do (format t ", ~A" x)
      else
        do (format t "~A" x))
;; =>
A, B, C, D, E
NIL

Series

By iterating on multiple series in parallel, and using an infinite range, we can make a counter.

(iterate ((x (scan '(a b c d e)))
          (y (scan-range :from 1)))
  (when (> y 1)
    (format t ", "))
  (format t "~A" x))
;; =>
A, B, C, D, E
NIL

Ascending and descending order, upper and lower limits: to and below, downto and above

loop

from… to…:

(loop for i from 0 to 3 collect i)
;; (0 1 2 3)

from… below…: this stops at 2:

(loop for i from 0 below 3 collect i)
;; (0 1 2)

Similarly, use from 3 downto 0 to get (3 2 1 0) and from 3 above 0 to get (3 2 1).

Series

:from ... :upto, including the upper limit:

(iterate ((i (scan-range :from 0 :upto 3)))
  (print i))
;; =>
0
1
2
3
NIL

:from ... :below, excluding the upper limit:

(iterate ((i (scan-range :from 0 :below 3)))
  (print i))
;; =>
0
1
2
NIL

Steps

loop

with by:

(loop for i from 1 to 10 by 2 collect i)
;; (1 3 5 7 9)

The step clause is only evaluated once. If you use by (1+ (random 3)) it is equivalent to this:

(let ((step (1+ (random 3))))
  (loop for i from 1 to 10 by step
        do (print i)))
...

The step must always be a positive number. If you want to count down, see above.

Series

with :by:

(iterate ((i (scan-range :from 1 :upto 10 :by 2)))
  (print i))

Loop and conditionals

loop

with if, else and finally:

*(loop repeat 10
       for x = (random 100)
       if (evenp x)
         collect x into evens
       else
         collect x into odds
       finally (return (values evens odds)))
;; =>
(92 44 58 68)
(95 5 97 43 99 37)

(42 82 24 92 92)
(55 89 59 13 49)

Combining multiple clauses in an if body requires special syntax (and do, and count):

(loop repeat 10
      for x = (random 100)
      if (evenp x)
        collect x into evens
        and do (format t "~a is even!~%" x)
      else
        collect x into odds
        and count t into n-odds
      finally (return (values evens odds n-odds)))
;; =>
46 is even!
8 is even!
76 is even!
58 is even!
0 is even!
(46 8 76 58 0)
(7 45 43 15 69)
5

iterate

Translating (or even writing!) the above example using iterate is straight-forward:

(iter (repeat 10)
   (for x = (random 100))
   (if (evenp x)
       (progn
         (collect x into evens)
         (format t "~a is even!~%" x))
       (progn
         (collect x into odds)
         (count t into n-odds)))
   (finally (return (values evens odds n-odds))))
...

Series

The preceding loop would be done a bit differently in Series. split sorts one series into multiple according to provided boolean series.

(let* ((number (#M(lambda (n)
                     (declare (ignore n))
                     (random 100))
                  (scan-range :below 10)))
       (parity (#Mevenp number)))
  (iterate ((n number) (p parity))
    (when p (format t "~a is even!~%" n)))
  (multiple-value-bind (evens odds) (split number parity)
    (values (collect evens)
            (collect odds)
            (collect-length odds))))
;; =>
24 is even!
92 is even!
92 is even!
46 is even!
(24 92 92 46)
(89 59 13 49 7 45)
6

Note that although iterate and the three collect expressions are written sequentially, only one iteration is performed, the same as the example with loop.

Begin the loop with a clause (initially)

(loop initially (format t "~a " 'loop-begin)
      for x below 3
      do (format t "~a " x))
;; =>
LOOP-BEGIN 0 1 2
NIL

The initially forms are evaluated in the loop “prologue”, before all loop code. Its counterpart for the end of the loop is finally.

If you tried to modify variables declared just after it, in a :for, :with or :as clause, it would have no effect inside the loop body. For example, trying to mutate a and b with initially below:

(loop with a = 20 with b = 10
     initially (rotatef a b)  ;; warn: too late for a and b. No effect.
     for i from a to b
  do (print i))
;; => NIL

this doesn’t swap a and b in time in order to loop from 10 to 20. We loop from 20 to 10 and thus we don’t loop at all and we return NIL.

However if you print the values of a and b at the end of the loop (try finally (format t "a is ~a, b is ~a" a b)) you’ll see that their values were swapped. You’ll need to macro-expand the loop snippet to fully get why ;) (there are intermediate variables)

initially also exists with iterate.

Terminate the loop with a test (until, while)

loop

(loop for x in '(1 2 3 4 5)
      until (> x 3)
        collect x)
;; (1 2 3)

the same, with while:

(loop for x in '(1 2 3 4 5)
      while (< x 4)
        collect x)
;; (1 2 3)

Series

We truncate the series with until-if, then collect from its result.

(collect
  (until-if (lambda (i) (> i 3))
            (scan '(1 2 3 4 5))))
;; (1 2 3)

Loop, print and return a result

loop

do and collect can be combined in one expression

(loop for x in '(1 2 3 4 5)
      while (< x 4)
        do (format t "x is ~a~&" x)
      collect x)
;; =>
x is 1
x is 2
x is 3
(1 2 3)

Series

By mapping, we can perform a side effect and also collect items.

(collect
  (mapping ((x (until-if (complement (lambda (x) (< x 4)))
                         (scan '(1 2 3 4 5)))))
    (format t "x is ~a~&" x)
    x))
;; =>
x is 1
x is 2
x is 3
(1 2 3)

Named loops and early exit

loop

The special loop named syntax allows you to create a block that can be used with return-from to exit the loop early. This can be especially useful in nested loops.

(loop named loop-1
      for x from 0 to 10 by 2
      do (loop for y from 0 to 100 by (1+ (random 3))
               when (< x y)
                 do (return-from loop-1 (values x y))))
;; =>
0
2

Sometimes, you want to return early but execute the finally clause anyway. Use loop-finish.

(loop for x from 0 to 100
  do (print x)
  when (>= x 3)
    return x
  finally (print :done))  ;; <-- not printed
;; =»
0
1
2
3
3

(loop for x from 0 to 100
      do (print x)
      when (>= x 3)
        do (loop-finish)
      finally (print :done)
              (return x))
;; =>
0
1
2
3
:DONE
3

It is most needed when some computation must take place in the finally clause.

Loop shorthands for when/return: thereis, never, always

Several actions provide shorthands for combinations of when/return:

(loop for x in '(foo 2)
      thereis (numberp x))
;; T

(loop for x in '(foo 2)
      never (numberp x))
;; NIL

(loop for x in '(foo 2)
      always (numberp x))
;; NIL

They correspond to the functions some, notany and every:

(some #'numberp '(foo 2))   => T
(notany #'numberp '(foo 2)) => NIL
(every #'numberp '(foo 2))  => NIL

Series

To exit the iteration early explicitly create a block to use with return-from.

(block loop-1
  (iterate ((x (scan-range :from 0 :upto 10 :by 2)))
    (iterate ((y (scan-range :from 0 :upto 100 :by (1+ (random 3)))))
      (when (< x y)
        (return-from loop-1 (values x y))))))
;; =>
0
3

Count

loop

(loop for i from 1 to 3 count (oddp i))
;; 2

Series

(collect-length (choose-if #'oddp (scan-range :from 1 :upto 3)))
;; 2

Summation

loop

(loop for i from 1 to 3 sum (* i i))
;; 14

Summing into a variable:

(loop for i from 1 to 3
      sum (* i i) into total
      do (print i)
      finally (return total))
;; =>
1
2
3
14

Series

(collect-sum (#M(lambda (i) (* i i))
                (scan-range :from 1 :upto 3)))
;; 14

max, min

loop

(loop for i from 1 to 3 maximize (mod i 3))
;; 2

and minimize.

Series

(collect-max (#M(lambda (i) (mod i 3))
                (scan-range :from 1 :upto 3)))
;; 2

and collect-min.

Destructuring, aka pattern matching against the list or dotted pairs

loop

(loop for (a b) in '((x 1) (y 2) (z 3))
      collect (list b a))
;; ((1 X) (2 Y) (3 Z))

Use nil to ignore a term:

(loop for (nil . y) in '((1 . a) (2 . b) (3 . c)) collect y)
;; (A B C)

Iterating over a plist or 2 by 2 over a list

To iterate over a list two items at a time we use a combination of on, by and destructuring.

We use on to loop over the rest (the cdr) of the list.

(loop for rest on '(a 2 b 2 c 3)
      collect rest)
;; ((A 2 B 2 C 3) (2 B 2 C 3) (B 2 C 3) (2 C 3) (C 3) (3))

We use by to skip one element at every iteration ((cddr list) is equivalent to (rest (rest list)))

(loop for rest on '(a 2 b 2 c 3) by #'cddr
      collect rest)
;; ((A 2 B 2 C 3) (B 2 C 3) (C 3))

Then we add destructuring to bind only the first two items at each iteration:

(loop for (key value) on '(a 2 b 2 c 3) by #'cddr
      collect (list key (* 2 value)))
;; ((A 2) (B 4) (C 6))

Series

In general, with destructuring-bind:

(collect
  (mapping ((l (scan '((x 1) (y 2) (z 3)))))
    (destructuring-bind (a b) l
      (list b a))))

But for alists, scan-alist is provided:

(collect
  (mapping (((a b) (scan-alist '((1 . a) (2 . b) (3 . c)))))
    (declare (ignore a))
    b))
;; (A B C)

Declaring variable types

Declaring types can help the compiler to optimize out code. SBCL is famously good at this.

You can check if the machine code got optimized with a call to disassembly.

Loop

Use :of-type:

(loop :for i :of-type fixnum :below 10
   :for j :of-type fixnum :from 1
   :sum (* i j))

For simple types like fixnum, float, t and nil you can omit :of-type:

(loop :for i fixnum :below 10
   :for j fixnum :from 1
   :sum (* i j))

You can also precise the type after sum and other accumulation clauses:

(loop for i fixnum below 10
   for j fixnum from 1
   sum (* i j) fixnum)

Iterate

Use (declare (fixnum i)):

(iter (for i below 10)
      (for j from 1)
      (declare (fixnum i))
      (sum (* i j)))

Iterate unique features lacking in loop

Iterate has some other things unique to it.

If you are a newcomer to Common Lisp, it’s perfectly OK to keep this section for later. You could very well spend your career in Lisp without resorting to these features… although they might turn out useful one day.

No rigid order for clauses

loop requires that all for clauses appear before the loop body, for example before a while. It’s ok for iter to not follow this order:

(iter (for x in '(1 2 99))
  (while (< x 10))
  (for y = (print x))
  (collect (list x y)))
;; =>
1
2
((1 1) (2 2))

Accumulating clauses can be nested

collect, appending and other accumulating clauses can appear anywhere:

(iter (for x in '(1 2 3))
  (case x
    (1 (collect :a))
    ;;  ^^ iter keyword, nested in a s-expression.
    (2 (collect :b))))

Finders: finding

iterate has finders.

A finder is a clause whose value is an expression that meets some condition.

We can use finding followed by maximizing, minimizing or such-that.

Here’s how to find the longest list in a list of lists:

(iter (for elt in '((a) (b c d) (e f)))
      (finding elt maximizing (length elt)))
;; (B C D)

The rough equivalent in LOOP would be:

(loop with max-elt = nil
      with max-key = 0
      for elt in '((a) (b c d) (e f))
      for key = (length elt)
      do
      (when (> key max-key)
        (setf max-elt elt
              max-key key))
      finally (return max-elt))
;; (B C D)

There could be more than one such-that clause:

(iter (for i in '(7 -4 2 -3))
      (if (plusp i)
          (finding i such-that (evenp i))
        (finding (- i) such-that (oddp i))))
;; 2

We can also write such-that #'evenp and such-that #'oddp. Note that such-that 'oddp will not work.

Control flow: next-iteration

It is like “continue” and loop doesn’t have it.

Skips the remainder of the loop body and begins the next iteration of the loop.

iterate also has first-iteration-p and (if-first-time then else).

See control flow.

Generators

A generator is lazy, it goes to the next value when said explicitly.

Use generate and next:

(iter (for i in '(1 2 3 4 5))
      (generate c in-string "black")
      (if (oddp i) (next c))
      (format t "~a " c))
;; =>
b b l l a
NIL

Variable backtracking (previous) VS parallel binding

iterate allows us to get the previous value of a variable:

(iter (for el in '(a b c d e))
      (for prev-el previous el)
      (collect (list el prev-el)))
;; ((A NIL) (B A) (C B) (D C) (E D))

In this case however we can do it with loop’s parallel binding and, which is unsupported in iterate:

(loop for el in '(a b c d e)
      and prev-el = nil then el
      collect (list el prev-el))
;; ((A NIL) (B A) (C B) (D C) (E D))

More clauses

• in-string can be used explicitly to iterate character by character over a string. With loop, use across.

(iter (for c in-string "hello")
      (collect c))
;; (#\h #\e #\l #\l #\o)

• loop offers collecting, nconcing, and appending. iterate has these and also adjoining, unioning, nunioning, and accumulating.

(iter (for el in '(a b c a d b))
      (adjoining el))
;; (A B C D)

(adjoin is a set operation.)

• loop has summing, counting, maximizing, and minimizing. iterate also includes multiplying and reducing. Reducing is the generalized reduction builder:

(iter (with dividend = 100)
      (for divisor in '(10 5 2))
      (reducing divisor by #'/ initial-value dividend))
;; 1

Iterate is extensible

(defmacro dividing-by (num &key (initial-value 0))
  `(reducing ,num by #'/ initial-value ,initial-value))
;; DIVIDING-BY

(iter (for i in '(10 5 2))
      (dividing-by i :initial-value 100))
;; 1

but there is more to it, see the documentation.

We saw libraries extending loop, for example CLSQL, but they are full of feature flag checks (#+(or allegro clisp-aloop cmu openmcl sbcl scl)) and they call internal modules (ansi-loop::add-loop-path, sb-loop::add-loop-path etc).

Custom series scanners

If we often scan the same type of object, we can write our own scanner for it: the iteration itself can be factored out. Taking the example above, of scanning a list of two-element lists, we’ll write a scanner that returns a series of the first elements and a series of the second.

(defun scan-listlist (listlist)
  (declare (optimizable-series-function 2))
  (map-fn '(values t t)
          (lambda (l)
            (destructuring-bind (a b) l
              (values a b)))
          (scan listlist)))

(collect
  (mapping (((a b) (scan-listlist '((x 1) (y 2) (z 3)))))
    (list b a)))

Shorter series expressions

Consider this series expression:

(collect-sum (mapping ((i (scan-range :length 5)))
                    (* i 2)))

It’s a bit longer than it needs to be, the mapping form’s only purpose is to bind the variable i, and i is used in only one place. Series has a “hidden feature” that allows us to simplify this expression to the following:

(collect-sum (* 2 (scan-range :length 5)))

This is called implicit mapping and can be enabled in the call to series::install:

(series::install :implicit-map t)

When using implicit mapping, the #M reader macro demonstrated above becomes redundant.

Loop gotchas

• The keyword it, often used in functional constructs, can be recognized as a loop keyword. Don’t use it inside a loop.

(loop for i from 1 to 5 when (evenp i) collect it)
;; (T T)

Iterate gotchas

It breaks on the function count:

(iter (for i from 1 to 10)
      (sum (count i '(1 3 5))))

It doesn’t recognize the built-in count function and instead signals a condition.

It works in loop:

(loop for i from 1 to 10
    sum (count i '(1 3 5 99)))
;; 3

Appendix: list of loop keywords

Name Clause

named

Variable Clauses

initially finally for as with

Main Clauses

do collect collecting append
appending nconc nconcing into count
counting sum summing maximize return loop-finish
maximizing minimize minimizing doing
thereis always never if when
unless repeat while until

These don’t introduce clauses:

= and it else end from upfrom
above below to upto downto downfrom
in on then across being each the hash-key
hash-keys of using hash-value hash-values
symbol symbols present-symbol
present-symbols external-symbol
external-symbols fixnum float t nil of-type

But note that it’s the parsing that determines what is a keyword. For example in:

(loop for key in hash-values)

Only for and in are keywords.

©Dan Robertson on Stack Overflow.

Credit and references

Loop

• Tutorial for the Common Lisp Loop Macro by Peter D. Karp
• Common Lisp’s Loop Macro Examples for Beginners by Yusuke Shinyama
• Section 6.1 The LOOP Facility, of the draft Common Lisp Standard (X3J13/94-101R) - the (draft) standard provides background information on Loop development, specification and examples. Single PDF file available
• 26. Loop by Jon L White, edited and expanded by Guy L. Steele Jr. - from the book “Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition”. Strong connection to the draft above, with supplementing comments and examples.

Iterate

• The Iterate Manual -by Jonathan Amsterdam and Luís Oliveira
• iterate - Pseudocodic Iteration - by Shubhamkar Ayare
• Loop v Iterate - SabraOnTheHill
• Comparing loop and iterate - by Stephen Bach (web archive)

Series

• Common Lisp the Language (2nd Edition) - Appendix A. Series
• SERIES for Common Lisp - Richard C. Waters

Others

• See also: more functional constructs (do-repeat, take,…)

Page source: iteration.md

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